Fusaroli, Weed, Fein & Naigles
2019
TD children
Children with ASD
Try to model as much of the complexity as we can.
| Variable | TD Mean (95% CI) | ASD Mean | β (SE) | t/z stats | p | R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 29 boys, 6 girls | 28 boys, 4 girls | 0.37 (0.7) | 0.53 | 0.6 | 0.01 |
| Age (months) | 20.27 (19.78 20.93) | 32.98 (31.03 34.74) | 12.79 (0.98) | 13.09 | <0.001 | 0.72 |
| MSEL-EL | Raw scores: 19.89 (18.4 21.76) | Raw scores: 17.56 (15.29 20.3) | -2.32 (1.53) | -1.52 | 0.13 | 0.03 |
| MSEL-VR | Raw scores: 26 (24.83 27.09) | Raw scores: 26.91 (14.94 28.79) | 0.91 (1.11) | 0.82 | 0.4 | 0.01 |
| ADOS Mod1 – total score | 0.83 (0.43 1.34) | 14.12 (12.84 15.47) | 13.3 (0.7) | 18.42 | <0.001 | 0.84 |
| Child word tokens | 252.8 (194.1 331.05) | 192.25 (126.83 280.61) | -60.55 (50.01) | -1.21 | 0.23 | 0.02 |
| Child word types | 55.09 (42.53 70.65) | 51.19 (33.72 72.08) | -3.9 (11.78) | -0.33 | 0.74 | 0.02 |
| Child MLU | 1.38 (1.3 1.46) | 1.36 (1.2 1.59) | -0.02 (0.1) | -0.19 | 0.85 | 0.00 |
| Father’s education (years past 8th grade) | 8.27 (7.39-9.21) | 7.53 (6.59-8.5) | 0.74 (0.67) | t-stat: 1.11 | 0.271 | 0.02 |
| Mother’s education (years past 8th grade) | 7.91 (7.23-8.53) | 7.89 (6.86-8.91) | 0.02 (0.6) | t-stat: 0.031 | 0.975 | 0.00 |
We modelled language development using mixed-effects growth curves: multi-level models accounting for intercepts and slopes at individual and group levels, and including a non-linear term for changes over time.
\[ Linguistic Feature = \beta_{0i} + \] \[ \beta_{1i}Visit + \] \[ \beta_{2i}Visit^2 + \] \[ \beta_{3}Diagnosis + \] \[ \beta_{4}ExpressiveLanguage + \] \[ \beta_{5}VisualReception + \epsilon \]
What do the longitudinal trajectories of children's language development look like?
| Word.tokens | Word.types | MLU | |
|---|---|---|---|
| R2m, R2 | R2m = 0.59, R2 = 0.82 | R2m = 0.68, R2 = 0.88 | R2m = 0.67, R2 = 0.79 |
| Predictor | |||
| Intercept | β = 571.90, SE = 29.47, t-stat = 19.41, p < 0.0001 | β = 153.44, SE = 6.90, t-stat = 22.24, p < 0.0001 | β = 2.21, SE = 0.05, t-stat = 43.02, p < 0.0001 |
| Visit | β = 272.65, SE = 29.56, t-stat = 9.22, p < 0.0001 | β = 85.10, SE = 8.22, t-stat = 10.35, p < 0.0001 | β = 0.59, SE = 0.06, t-stat = 9.19, p < 0.0001 |
| Visit2 | β = -23.34, SE = 3.97, t-stat = -5.88, p < 0.0001 | β = -7.48, SE = 1.12, t-stat = -6.71, p < 0.0001 | β = -0.04, SE = 0.01, t-stat = -4.43, p < 0.0001 |
| Diagnosis | β = -134.77, SE = 41.37, t-stat = -3.26, p = 0.0017 | β = -44.51, SE = 9.99, t-stat = -4.46, p < 0.0001 | β = -0.33, SE = 0.07, t-stat = -4.54, p = 0.0015 |
| MSEL EL | β = 22.09, SE = 5.74, t-stat = 3.85, p = 0.0003 | β = 4.51, SE = 1.30, t-stat = 3.47, p = 0.0009 | β = 0.04, SE = 0.01, t-stat = 3.57, p = 0.0007 |
| Visit : Diagnosis | β = -51.34, SE = 14.15, t-stat = -3.63, p = 0.0005 | β = -47.35, SE = 12.05, t-stat = -3.93, p = 0.0002 | β = -0.19, SE = 0.03, t-stat = -7.18, p < 0.0001 |
| Visit : EL | β = 9.99, SE = 4.86, t-stat = 2.06, p = 0.0422 | β = 1.78, SE = 1.02, t-stat = 1.74, p = 0.0851 | β = 0.04, SE = 0.01, t-stat = 3.69, p = 0.0003 |
| Visit2 : Diagnosis | Not included | β = 4.30, SE = 1.63, t-stat = 2.63, p = 0.0102 | Not Included |
| Visit2 : EL | β = -2.16, SE = 0.63, t-stat = -3.41, p = 0.0010 | β = -0.45, SE = 0.13, t-stat = -3.49, p = 0.0008 | β = -0.01, SE = 0.00, t-stat = -4.97, p = 0.0001 |
| Diagnosis : EL | β = 18.84, SE = 6.94, t-stat = 2.71, p = 0.0084 | β = 5.89, SE = 1.56, t-stat = 3.77, p = 0.0003 | β = 0.06, SE = 0.01, t-stat = 4.76, p < 0.0001 |
| Diagnosis : EL : Visit | β = 8.65, SE = 2.37, t-stat = 3.65, p = 0.0005 | β = 2.33, SE = 0.54, t-stat = 4.32, p = 0.0001 | β = 0.02, SE = 0.00, t-stat = 3.52, p = 0.0007 |
| Random Effects | Child intercept SD: 162.82 | Child intercept SD: 37.83 | Child intercept SD: 0.26 |
| Visit slope SD: 140.34 | Visit slope SD: 29.85 | Visit slope SD: 0.24 | |
| Visit2 slope SD: 18.77 | Visit2 slope SD: 3.82 | Visit2 slope SD: 0.04 | |
| Residual SD: 159.59 | Residual SD: 32.25 | Residual SD: 0.39 |
| Word.tokens | Word.types | MLU | |
|---|---|---|---|
| R2m, R2 | R2m = 0.5, R2 = 0.81 | R2m = 0.72, R2 = 0.91 | R2m = 0.59, R2 = 0.75 |
| Predictor | |||
| Intercept | β = 372.71, SE = 26.30, t-stat = 14.17, p < 0.0001 | β = 109.01, SE = 6.83, t-stat = 15.95, p < 0.0001 | β = 1.84, SE = 0.06, t-stat = 31.70, p < 0.0001 |
| ADOS | Not Included | Not Included | Not Included |
| Visit | β = 44.43, SE = 9.07, t-stat = 4.90, p < 0.0001 | β = 37.82, SE = 8.29, t-stat = 4.56, p = 0.0001 | β = 0.11, SE = 0.02, t-stat = 5.16, p < 0.0001 |
| Visit2 | Not Included | β = -3.19, SE = 1.01, t-stat = -3.15, p = 0.0027 | Not Included |
| MSEL EL | β = 30.66, SE = 2.72, t-stat = 11.26, p < 0.0001 | β = 10.41, SE = 0.93, t-stat = 11.19, p < 0.0001 | β = 0.08, SE = 0.01, t-stat = 10.83, p < 0.0001 |
| Visit : EL | Not Included | β = 4.15, SE = 1.13, t-stat = 3.68, p = 0.0007 | Not Included |
| Visit2 : EL | Not Included | β = -0.46, SE = 0.14, t-stat = -3.35, p = 0.0015 | Not Included |
| Random effects | Child intercept SD: 165.62 | Child intercept SD: 36.12 | Child intercept SD: 0.28 |
| Visit slope SD: 166.72 | Visit slope SD: 31.18 | Visit slope SD: 0.39 | |
| Visit2 slope SD: 17.61 | Visit2 slope SD: 2.98 | Visit2 slope SD: 0.05 | |
| Residual SD: 145.52 | Residual SD: 28.69 | Residual SD: 0.42 |
What do the longitudinal trajectories of parents' language production look like?
| Word.tokens | Word.types | MLU | |
|---|---|---|---|
| R2m, R2 | R2m = 0.11, R2 = 0.82 | R2m = 0.07, R2 = 0.77 | R2m = 0.27, R2 = 0.70 |
| Predictor | |||
| Intercept | β = 2284.70, SE = 67.43, t-stat = 33.88, p < 0.0001 | β = 445.60, SE = 10.64, t-stat = 41.87, p < 0.0001 | β = 3.27, SE = 0.31, t-stat = 10.52, p < 0.0001 |
| Visit | Not Included | β = 17.17, SE = 2.01, t-stat = 8.55, p < 0.0001 | β = 0.31, SE = 0.07, t-stat = 4.60, p < 0.0001 |
| Visit2 | Not Included | Not Included | β = -0.03, SE = 0.01, t-stat = -3.17, p = 0.0023 |
| Diagnosis | Not Included | Not Included | β = -0.54, SE = 0.10, t-stat = -5.21, p < 0.0001 |
| Mullen Visual Reception (VR) | β = 51.13, SE = 15.06, t-stat = 3.40, p = 0.0012 | Not Included | β = 0.04, SE = 0.01, t-stat = 3.15, p = 0.0025 |
| Random Effects | Child intercept SD: 547.10 | Child intercept SD: 87.90 | Child intercept SD: 0.41 |
| Visit slope SD: 321.87 | Visit slope SD: 45.59 | Visit slope SD: 0.30 | |
| Visit2 slope SD: 38.16 | Visit2 slope SD: 5.33 | Visit2 slope SD: 0.03 | |
| Residual SD: 293.95 | Residual SD: 52.44 | Residual SD: 0.38 |
| Word.tokens | Word.types | MLU | |
|---|---|---|---|
| R2m, R2 | R2m = 0.17, R2 = 0.89 | R2m = 0.06, R2 = 0.72 | R2m = 0.03, R2 = 0.72 |
| Predictor | |||
| Intercept | β = 2248.71, SE = 111.26, t-stat = 20.21, p < 0.0001 | β = 429.39, SE = 14.95, t-stat = 28.72, p < 0.0001 | β = 3.64, SE = 0.09, t-stat = 40.04, p < 0.0001 |
| ADOS | Not Included | Not Included | Not Included |
| Visit | β = -33.17, SE = 115.88, t-stat = -0.29, p = 0.7769 | β = 15.08, SE = 3.02, t-stat = 5.00, p < 0.0001 | β = 0.08, SE = 0.03, t-stat = 2.92, p = 0.0065 |
| Visit2 | β = 11.43, SE = 14.94, t-stat = 0.76, p = 0.4527 | Not Included | Not Included |
| MSEL VR | β = 64.76, SE = 18.80, t-stat = 3.45, p = 0.0017 | Not Included | Not Included |
| Random effects | Child intercept SD: 601.16 | Child intercept SD: 84.86 | Child intercept SD: 0.57 |
| Visit slope SD: 439.02 | Visit slope SD: 56.25 | Visit slope SD: 0.47 | |
| Visit2 slope SD: 50.21 | Visit2 slope SD: 6.37 | Visit2 slope SD: 0.06 | |
| Residual SD: 262.11 | Residual SD: 57.76 | Residual SD: 0.40 |
Do parents and children match each other during conversation, and what factors play a role?
| Parental.word.tokens | Parental.word.types | Parental.MLU | |
|---|---|---|---|
| R2m, R2 | R2m = 0.14, R2 = 0.79 | R2m = 0.16, R2 = 0.75 | R2m = 0.39, R2 = 0.72 |
| Predictor | |||
| Intercept | β = 2296.43, SE = 67.05, t-stat = 34.25, p < 0.0001 | β = 451.00, SE = 10.27, t-stat = 43.92, p < 0.0001 | β = 4.14, SE = 0.07, t-stat = 60.49, p < 0.0001 |
| Child | β = 0.32, SE = 0.08, t-stat = 4.15, p < 0.0001 | β = 0.35, SE = 0.06, t-stat = 5.67, p < 0.0001 | β = 0.36, SE = 0.04, t-stat = 9.49, p < 0.0001 |
| Production | |||
| Diagnosis | Not Included | Not Included | β = -0.40, SE = 0.10, t-stat = -3.92, p = 0.0002 |
| Visit | Not Included | β = 9.81, SE = 2.41, t-stat = 4.06, p = 0.0001 | Not Included |
| MSEL VR | β = 39.83, SE = 15.17, t-stat = 2.63, p = 0.0106 | Not Included | β = 0.02, SE = 0.01, t-stat = 1.67, p = 0.0991 |
| Child | Not Included | Not Included | β = 0.03, SE = 0.01, t-stat = 3.63, p = 0.0003 |
| Production : MSEL VR | |||
| Random effects | Child intercept SD: 534.31 | Child intercept SD: 81.11 | Child intercept SD: 0.55 |
| Visit slope SD: 85.61 | Visit slope SD: 9.32 | Visit slope SD: 0.11 | |
| Residual SD: 312.18 | Residual SD: 53.33 | Residual SD: 0.37 |
| Child.word.tokens | Child.word.types | Child.MLU | |
|---|---|---|---|
| R2m, R2 | R2m = 0.63, R2 = 0.70 | R2m = 0.73, R2 = 0.78 | R2m = 0.64, R2 = 0.66 |
| Predictor | |||
| Intercept | β = 598.42, SE = 22.72, t-stat = 26.33, p < 0.0001 | β = 155.51, SE = 4.87, t-stat = 31.95, p < 0.0001 | β = 2.24, SE = 0.04, t-stat = 51.70, p < 0.0001 |
| Diagnosis | β = -93.28, SE = 34.19, t-stat = -2.73, p = 0.0089 | β = -24.67, SE = 7.30, t-stat = -3.38, p = 0.0013 | β = -0.20, SE = 0.07, t-stat = -3.06, p = 0.0029 |
| Mullen expressive language (EL) | β = 10.70, SE = 4.55, t-stat = 2.35, p = 0.023 | β = 1.72, SE = 0.97, t-stat = 1.77, p = 0.0814 | β = 0.03, SE = 0.01, t-stat = 3.09, p = 0.0026 |
| Diagnosis : EL | β = 12.80, SE = 5.50, t-stat = 2.33, p = 0.0247 | β = 3.42, SE = 1.18, t-stat = 2.89, p = 0.0056 | β = 0.02, SE = 0.01, t-stat = 2.05, p = 0.0431 |
| Child performance in the previous visit (same index as the outcome) | β = 0.41, SE = 0.05, t-stat = 8.91, p < 0.0001 | β = 3.51, SE = 1.18, t-stat = 2.97, p = 0.0045 | β = 0.49, SE = 0.05, t-stat = 9.92, p < 0.0001 |
| Parental word tokens in the previous visit | Not Included | Not Included | Not Included |
| Parental word types in the previous visit | Not Included | Not Included | Not Included |
| Parental MLU in the previous visit | β = 88.37, SE = 21.59, t-stat = 4.09, p = 0.0001 | β = 17.60, SE = 4.74, t-stat = 3.72, p = 0.0002 | β = 0.09, SE = 0.04, t-stat = 1.85, p = 0.0809 |
| Random Effects | Child intercept SD: 95.16 | Child intercept SD: 20.65 | Child intercept SD: 0.21 |
| Residual SD: 204.95 | Residual SD: 43.34 | Residual SD: 0.37 |
| Parental.word.tokens | Parental.word.types | Parental.MLU | |
|---|---|---|---|
| R2m, R2 | R2m = 0.61, R2 = 0.64 | R2m = 0.2, R2 = 0.62 | R2m = 0.49, R2 = 0.53 |
| Predictor | |||
| Intercept | β = 2334.06, SE = 25.31, t-stat = 92.22, p < 0.0001 | β = 462.65, SE = 7.91, t-stat = 58.45, p < 0.0001 | β = 4.19, SE = 0.04, t-stat = 100.08, p < 0.0001 |
| Diagnosis | Not Included | Not Included | β = -0.22, SE = 0.07, t-stat = -3.41, p = 0.003 |
| Parental performance in the previous visit (same index as the outcome) | β = 0.74, SE = 0.04, t-stat = 20.92, p < 0.0001 | β = 0.34, SE = 0.05, t-stat = 6.91, p < 0.0001 | β = 0.47, SE = 0.04, t-stat = 10.52, p < 0.0001 |
| Child word tokens | Not Included | Not Included | β = 0.00001, SE = 0.0001, t-stat = 0.01, p = 0.99 |
| Child word types | Not Included | Not Included | Not Included |
| Child MLU | Not Included | β = 16.6, SE = 5.45, t-stat = 3.04, p = 0.0025 | Not Included |
| Child word tokens: Diagnosis | Not Included | Not Included | β = 0.001, SE = 0.0002, t-stat = 3.94, p = 0.0002 |
| Random effects | Child Intercept SD: 111.78 | Child Intercept SD: 59.81 | Child Intercept SD: 0.13 |
| Residual SD: 389.39 | Residual SD: 57.17 | Residual SD: 0.46 |
Data and code are available online at OSF